Understanding the Effects of PTSD: A Guide for Family Members

Written by: Alexa Mellman, M.S.W.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a complex mental health condition that can have profound effects on the lives of individuals who experience it. However, it is equally important to recognize the impact PTSD can have on the family members of those affected. In this article, we aim to shed light on the biological effects of PTSD and provide insights to help family members understand and support their loved ones through their journey to recovery.

The Stress Response System: PTSD is often triggered by a traumatic event, such as military combat, natural disasters, accidents, or assault. When a person experiences such trauma, their body’s stress response system is activated, leading to the release of stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. In individuals with PTSD, this stress response can become dysregulated, resulting in heightened physiological reactions even in non-threatening situations. Examples are people who are always scanning crowds, people who are jumpy or easily startled, or people who have quick tempers.

Neurochemical Imbalances: PTSD can cause significant alterations in the brain’s chemistry. Neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine, which play a crucial role in mood regulation, sleep patterns, and anxiety management, may be affected. This disruption can contribute to the development of symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and irritability, and insomnia in individuals with PTSD.

Changes in Brain Structure: Studies using neuroimaging techniques have revealed that PTSD can lead to structural changes in the brain. Specifically, the amygdala, which processes emotions and fear responses, tends to be hyperactive in individuals with PTSD. Simultaneously, the prefrontal cortex, responsible for decision-making and emotional regulation, may show decreased activity. These alterations in brain structure and function contribute to the hyperarousal, hypervigilance, and emotional dysregulation commonly observed in individuals with PTSD.

Sleep Disruptions: Sleep disturbances are prevalent among individuals with PTSD, and they can have a significant impact on their overall well-being. Nightmares, insomnia, and restless sleep are often experienced, further exacerbating symptoms of anxiety and irritability. Family members may observe their loved ones experiencing difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings, or exhibiting daytime fatigue as a result.

Physical Health Consequences: PTSD is not limited to psychological effects but can also have consequences for physical health. The chronic activation of the stress response system can contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular problems, immune system dysregulation, gastrointestinal issues, and chronic pain. Family members should be aware of these potential health concerns and encourage their loved ones to seek medical support alongside psychological treatment.

Understanding the biological effects of PTSD can help family members provide appropriate support and empathy. Here are a few practical tips:

• Educate Yourself: Learn about PTSD, its symptoms, and treatment options. This knowledge will empower you to offer informed support and reinforce the idea that PTSD is a valid and treatable condition.
• Communication and Listening: Encourage open and non-judgmental communication. Let your loved one know that you are there to listen and support them whenever they are ready to talk. Patience and understanding are key. Try not to remember that it is often not personal when someone suffering with PTSD lashes out or becomes depressed. That said, it is important to set boundaries and plan ahead how to manage conflict or out-of-control feelings.
• Encourage Professional Help: Encourage your loved one to seek professional help from mental health experts who specialize in trauma and PTSD treatment. Support them in finding the right therapist or counselor. Engage with your loved one in creating a safety plan to outline what needs to happen when someone feels out of control.
• Practice Self-Care: Taking care of yourself is essential. Ensure that you have a support network and seek support if needed. Engage in activities that promote your well-being, allowing you to be more resilient and supportive to your loved one.

Understanding the biological effects of PTSD is crucial for family members to support their loved ones effectively. By educating themselves, fostering open communication, encouraging professional help, and practicing self-care, family members can contribute significantly to their loved one’s recovery.